Circular RNA circTATDN3 promotes the Warburg effect and proliferation in colorectal cancer.

As one of the key metabolic enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) might be linked to tumor proliferation by driving the Warburg effect. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are widely implicated in tumor progression. Here, we report that circTATDN3, a circular RNA that interacts with LDHA, plays a critical role in proliferation and energy metabolism in CRC. We found that circTATDN3 expression was increased in CRC cells and tumor tissues and that high circTATDN3 expression was positively associated with poor postoperative prognosis in CRC patients. Additionally, circTATDN3 promoted the proliferation of CRC cells in vivo and vitro. Mechanistically, circTATDN3 was shown to function as an adaptor molecule that enhances the binding of LDHA to FGFR1, leading to increased LDHA phosphorylation and consequently promoting the Warburg effect. Moreover, circTATDN3 increased the expression of LDHA by sponging miR-511-5p, which synergistically promoted CRC progression and the Warburg effect. In conclusion, circTATDN3 may be a target for the treatment of CRC.

Divergent mitochondrial responses and metabolic signal pathways secure the azole resistance in Crabtree-positive and negative Candida species.

Azole drugs are the main therapeutic drugs for invasive fungal infections. However, azole-resistant strains appear repeatedly in the environment, posing a major threat to human health. Several reports have shown that mitochondria are associated with the virulence of pathogenic fungi. However, there are few studies on the mechanisms of mitochondria-mediated azoles resistance. Here, we first performed mitochondrial proteomic analysis on multiple Candida species (Candida albicans, Nakaseomyces glabrata, Pichia kudriavzevii, and Candida auris) and analyzed the differentially expressed mitochondrial proteins (DEMPs) between azole-sensitive and azole-resistant Candida species. Subsequently, we performed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, gene ontology analysis, and protein-protein interaction network analysis of DEMPs. Our results showed that a total of 417, 165, and 25 DEMPs were identified in resistant C. albicans, N. glabrata, and C. auris, respectively. These DEMPs were enriched in ribosomal biogenesis at cytosol and mitochondria, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, transporters, ergosterol, and cell wall mannan biosynthesis. The high activations of these cellular activities, found in C. albicans and C. auris (at low scale), were mostly opposite to those observed in two fermenter species-N. glabrata and P. kudriavzevii. Several transcription factors including Rtg3 were highly produced in resistant C. albicans that experienced a complex I activation of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). The reduction of mitochondrial-related activities and complex IV/V of ETC in N. glabrata and P. kudriavzevii was companying with the reduced proteins of Tor1, Hog1, and Snf1/Snf4.IMPORTANCECandida spp. are common organisms that cause a variety of invasive diseases. However, Candida spp. are resistant to azoles, which hinders antifungal therapy. Exploring the drug-resistance mechanism of pathogenic Candida spp. will help improve the prevention and control strategy and discover new targets. Mitochondria, as an important organelle in eukaryotic cells, are closely related to a variety of cellular activities. However, the role of mitochondrial proteins in mediating azole resistance in Candida spp. has not been elucidated. Here, we analyzed the mitochondrial proteins and signaling pathways that mediate azole resistance in Candida spp. to provide ideas and references for solving the problem of azole resistance. Our work may offer new insights into the connection between mitochondria and azoles resistance in pathogenic fungi and highlight the potential clinical value of mitochondrial proteins in the treatment of invasive fungal infections.

PFKFB3 promotes sepsis-induced acute lung injury by enhancing NET formation by CXCR4hi neutrophils.

CXCR4hi neutrophils, which are a subset of neutrophils with high CXCR4 expression, are important contributors to sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). PFKFB3, a key glycolysis gene, plays an essential role in neutrophil inflammatory activation. However, the specific involvement of PFKFB3 in sepsis-induced ALI remains unclear. Here, we observed that PFKFB3 was upregulated in CXCR4hi neutrophils and facilitated sepsis-induced ALI. Mechanistically, we observed that PFKFB3 promoted sepsis-induced ALI by enhancing neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation by CXCR4hi neutrophils. Further study indicated that PFKFB3 promoted NET formation by upregulating glycolytic metabolism in CXCR4hi neutrophils. In summary, our study uncovered a new mechanism by which CXCR4hi neutrophils trigger sepsis-induced ALI by promoting NET formation, which is supported by PFKFB3-mediated glycolytic metabolism.

The mitochondrial complex I proteins of Candida albicans moderate phagocytosis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in murine macrophages and dendritic cells.

Loss of respiratory functions impairs Candida albicans colonization of host tissues and virulence in a murine model of candidiasis. Furthermore, it is known that respiratory inhibitors decrease mannan synthesis and glucan exposure and thereby promotes phagocytosis. To understand the impact of respiratory proteins of C. albicans on host innate immunity, we characterized cell wall defects in three mitochondrial complex I (CI) null mutants (nuo1Δ, nuo2Δ and ndh51Δ) and in one CI regulator mutant (goa1Δ), and we studied the corresponding effects of these mutants on phagocytosis, neutrophil killing and cytokine production by dendritic cells (DCs). We find that reductions of phosphopeptidomannan (PPM) in goa1Δ, nuo1Δ and phospholipomannan (PLM) in nuo2Δ lead to reductions of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 but increase of TNF-α in infected DCs. While PPM loss is a consequence of a reduced phospho-Cek1/2 MAPK that failed to promote phagocytosis and IL-22 production in goa1Δ and nuo1Δ, a 30% glucan reduction and a defective Mek1 MAPK response in ndh51Δ lead to only minor changes in phagocytosis and cytokine production. Glucan exposure and PLM abundance seem to remain sufficient to opsonize neutrophil killing perhaps via humoral immunity. The diversity of immune phenotypes in these mutants possessing divergent cell wall defects is further supported by their transcriptional profiles in each infected murine macrophage scenario. Since metabolic processes, oxidative stress-induced senescence, and apoptosis are differently affected in these scenarios, we speculate that during the early stages of infection, host immune cells coordinate their bioactivities based upon a mixture of signals generated during host-fungi interactions.

The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Illiberis pruni Dyar, 1905 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae).

Illiberis pruni is a leaf-eating pest that infests pear trees across all pear-producing regions of China. The present study, aimed to sequence the I. pruni mitochondrial genome (GenBank accession no. MZ726799) using the Illumina NovaSe Sequencing System to understand the population genetics, evolution, and taxonomy of I. pruni and other related species. The circular I. pruni mitochondrial genome was found to be 15,252 bps in length and comprised 38 sequence elements including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and a putative control region (CR). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that I. pruni and Illiberis ulmivora are closely related, thereby indicating that their mitochondrial genes may share common ancestry.

Divergent EGFR/MAPK-Mediated Immune Responses to Clinical Candida Pathogens in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is characterized by symptomatic inflammatory responses in the vagina caused by Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida (NAC) species. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) -mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway has been linked to immune responses of oral mucosa after C. albicans exposure, but whether this pathway plays a similar response in vaginal epithelial cells is not known. Here, we observed that phosphorylation of EGFR and p38 was continuously activated in vaginal epithelial cells by C. albicans strain SC5314. This differs markedly from oral epithelial cells, which respond in a biphasic manner in order to properly discriminate the morphology of C. albicans. When compared with SC5314, a highly azole-resistant C. albicans isolate 1052 can induce a stronger phosphorylated signal of EGFR and p38, while clinically-isolated NAC strains including C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. auris trigger higher levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and c-Fos than C. albicans. Inhibition of EGFR significantly reduces inflammatory response and epithelial damage induced by C. albicans both in vitro and in vivo, while inhibition of p38 leads to significant repair of epithelial damage triggered by both C. albicans and NAC species. These results confirm the importance of the EGFR-MAPK signaling in VVC pathogenesis and highlight the remarkable immunogenic differences between C. albicans and NAC species in host-microbe interactions.

Association between tocilizumab treatment and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To explore and summarize the association between treatment with tocilizumab and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis (10 RCTs including 3378 patients in the tocilizumab group and 3142 patients in the control group). We systematically searched PubMed and MedRxiv for all RCTs as of June 1, 2021, to assess the benefits and harms of tocilizumab to treat patients with COVID-19. All analyses were carried out using RevMan version 5.4.1. There were nine RCTs published in peer-reviewed journals and one RCTs published as a preprint. The summary RR for all-cause mortality with tocilizumab was 0.89 (95% CI= 0.82-0.96, P= 0.003). There was no significant between-trial heterogeneity (I2= 28%, P= 0.19). However, all peer-reviewed RCTs showed no significant associations between treatment with tocilizumab and reductions in all-cause mortality. We notably found that tocilizumab significantly reduced the rate of intubation or death in patients with COVID-19 with 3 RCTs. Across the 8 RCTs, the summary RR for discharge with tocilizumab was 1.10 (95% CI= 1.03-1.16, P< 0.00001). There was no significant association of tocilizumab with harm on other patient-relevant clinical outcomes, including increasing secondary infection risk, patients of adverse events, or patients of serious adverse events. Tocilizumab significantly increased the rate of hospital discharges in COVID-19 patients. Still, it did not decrease all-cause mortality or increase the risk of secondary infections, patients of adverse events, or patients for serious adverse events. Evidence that tocilizumab affects clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 requires further proof.

Efficacy and secondary infection risk of tocilizumab, sarilumab and anakinra in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

As the pandemic progresses, the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is becoming clearer and the potential for immunotherapy is increasing. However, clinical efficacy and safety of immunosuppressants (including tocilizumab, sarilumab and anakinra) treatment in COVID-19 patients are not yet known. We searched PubMed, Embase Medline, Web of Science and MedRxiv using specific search terms in studies published from 1 January 2020 to 20 December 2020. In total, 33 studies, including 3073 cases and 6502 controls, were selected for meta-analysis. We found that immunosuppressant therapy significantly decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients on overall analysis (odds ratio = 0.71, 95% confidence interval = 0.57-0.89, p = 0.004). We also found that tocilizumab and anakinra significantly decreased mortality in patients without any increased risk of secondary infection. In addition, we found similar results in several subgroups. However, we found that tocilizumab therapy significantly increased the risk of fungal co-infections in COVID-19 patients. This represents the only systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy and secondary infection risk of immunosuppressant treatment in COVID-19 patients. Overall, immunosuppressants significantly decreased mortality but had no effect on increased risk of secondary infections. Our analysis of tocilizumab therapy showed a significantly increased risk of fungal co-infections in these patients.

Frontiers in Preparations and Promising Applications of Mesoporous Polydopamine for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.

Polydopamine (PDA) is a natural melanin derived from marine mussels that has good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and photothermal conversion ability. As a new coating material, it offers a novel way to modify the surface of various substances. The drug loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of PDA are greatly improved via the use of mesoporous materials. The abundant pore canals on mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) exhibit a uniquely large surface area, which provides a structural basis for drug delivery. In this review, we systematically summarized the characteristics and manufacturing process of MPDA, introduced its application in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and discussed the existing problems in its development and clinical application. This comprehensive review will facilitate further research on MPDA in the fields of medicine including cancer therapy, materials science, and biology.

Comparative Genomics and Molecular Analysis of Epidermophyton floccosum.

Epidermophyton floccosum is one of the most common agents of human superficial fungal infections, compared with genus Trichophyton and Microsporum, it possesses uniqueness in ecology traits and rarely causing hair infections. E. floccosum is so far the only representative species of genera Epidermophyton, and it is known as anthropophilic dermatophytes. To further reveal the genome sequences and clues of virulence factors, thus in this study, we sequenced the genome of E. floccosum (CGMCC (F) E1d), and performed comparative genomic analysis with other dermatophytes. It is revealed that E. floccosum owns the largest genome size and similar GC content compared with other dermatophytes. A total of 7565 genes are predicted. By comparing with the closest species N. gypseum, our study reveals that number and structure of adhesion factors, secreted proteases and LysM domain might contribute to the pathogenic and ecological traits of E. floccosum. Mating genes is also detected in genome data. Furthermore, we performed AFLP analysis trying to discuss intraspecific differences of E. floccosum, but no significant relationship is found between genotype and geographical distribution. Upon above, our study provides a deeper understanding and strong foundation for future researches about E. floccosum.

Design and synthesis of novel 20(S)-α-aminophosphonate derivatives of camptothecin as potent antitumor agents.

29 novel 20(S)-aminophosphonate derivatives of camptothecin were synthesized via a FeCl3 - catalyzed one-pot reaction. All of these compounds displayed similar or superior cytotoxic activity in comparison with that of Irinotecan against Hep3B, MCF-7, A-549, MDA-MB-231, KB, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) KB-vin cell lines. Out of them, compound B07 exhibited significant cytotoxicity and 10-fold improvement in activity compared to Irinotecan. Mechanistically, B07 not only induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in Hep3B and MCF-7 cells, but also inhibited Topoisomerase I activity in the cell and cell-free system in a manner similar to that of Irinotecan. In both xenograft and primary HCC mouse models, B07 showed significant anti-tumor activity and was more potent than Irinotecan. Additionally, the acute toxicity assay showed that B07 had no apparent toxicity to the mouse liver, kidney, and hemopoietic system of the FVB/N mice. Therefore, these findings indicate that compound B07 could be a potential Topoisomerase I poison drug candidate for further clinical trial.

Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Quinazolinone Derivatives as Potential Fungicides.

Plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi reduce the yield and quality of crops. To develop novel antifungal agents, we designed and synthesized eight series of quinazolinone derivatives and evaluated their anti-phytopathogenic fungal activity. The bioassay results revealed that compounds KZL-15, KZL-22, 5b, 6b, 6c, 8e, and 8f exhibited remarkable antifungal activity in vitro. Especially, compound 6c displayed the highest bioactivity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pellicularia sasakii, Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium oxysporum, displaying appreciable IC50 values (50% inhibitory concentration) of 2.46, 2.94, 6.03, and 11.9 µg/mL, respectively. A further mechanism interrogation revealed abnormal mycelia, damaged organelles, and changed permeability of cell membranes in S. sclerotiorum treated with compound 6c. In addition, the in vivo bioassay indicated that compound 6c possessed comparable curative and protective effects (87.3 and 90.7%, respectively) to the positive control azoxystrobin (89.5 and 91.2%, respectively) at 100 µg/mL concentration against S. sclerotiorum. This work validated the potential of compound 6c as a new and promising fungicide candidate, contributing to the exploration of potent antifungal agents.

Fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patients: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected tens of millions of people worldwide within the last year. However, the incidence of fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patients remains unclear. To investigate the association between fungal co-infection and mortality due to COVID-19, we systematically searched Medline, Embase, MedRxiv and Cochrane Library for eligible studies published in the period from 1 January to 1 December 2020. We performed a meta-analysis of nine studies that met the inclusion criteria. In total, data from 2780 patients and 426 patients were included who were admitted to the ICU. In eight of the articles, 211 participants died due to COVID-19 infection, which means an overall mortality rate of 10.9%. The overall pooled proportion of fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patients was 0.12 (95% CI = 0.07-0.16, n = 2780, I2 = 96.8%). In terms of mortality in COVID-19 patients with fungal infection, the overall pooled proportion of mortality was 0.17 (95% CI = 0.10-0.24, n = 1944, I2 = 95.6%). These findings provide evidence suggesting a favorable use for empirical antibiotics in the majority of patients when COVID-19 infection is diagnosed. Our analysis is investigating the use of antifungal therapy to treat COVID-19 can serve as a comprehensive reference for COVID-19 treatment.

Reprogramming of m6A epitranscriptome is crucial for shaping of transcriptome and proteome in response to hypoxia.

Hypoxia causes a series of responses supporting cells to survive in harsh environments. Substantial post-transcriptional and translational regulation during hypoxia has been observed. However, detailed regulatory mechanism in response to hypoxia is still far from complete. RNA m6A modification has been proven to govern the life cycle of RNAs. Here, we reported that total m6A level of mRNAs was decreased during hypoxia, which might be mediated by the induction of m6A eraser, ALKBH5. Meanwhile, expression levels of most YTH family members of m6A readers were systematically down-regulated. Transcriptome-wide analysis of m6A revealed a drastic reprogramming of m6A epitranscriptome during cellular hypoxia. Integration of m6A epitranscriptome with either RNA-seq based transcriptome analysis or mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based proteome analysis of cells upon hypoxic stress revealed that reprogramming of m6A epitranscriptome reshaped the transcriptome and proteome, thereby supporting efficient generation of energy for adaption to hypoxia. Moreover, ATP production was blocked when silencing an m6A eraser, ALKBH5, under hypoxic condition, demonstrating that m6A pathway is an important regulator during hypoxic response. Collectively, our studies indicate that crosstalk between m6A and HIF1 pathway is essential for cellular response to hypoxia, providing insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms during hypoxia.

Mitochondrial Complex I Core Protein Regulates cAMP Signaling via Phosphodiesterase Pde2 and NAD Homeostasis in Candida albicans.

The cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway of Candida albicans responds to nutrient availability to coordinate a series of cellular processes for its replication and survival. The elevation of cAMP for PKA signaling must be both transitory and tightly regulated. Otherwise, any abnormal cAMP/PKA pathway would disrupt metabolic potential and ergosterol synthesis and promote a stress response. One possible mechanism for controlling cAMP levels is direct induction of the phosphodiesterase PDE2 gene by cAMP itself. Our earlier studies have shown that most single-gene-deletion mutants of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complex I (CI) are hypersensitive to fluconazole. To understand the fluconazole hypersensitivity observed in these mutants, we focused upon the cAMP/PKA-mediated ergosterol synthesis in CI mutants. Two groups of the ETC mutants were used in this study. Group I includes CI mutants. Group II is composed of CIII and CIV mutants; group II mutants are known to have greater respiratory loss. All mutants are not identical in cAMP/PKA-mediated ergosterol response. We found that ergosterol levels are decreased by 47.3% in the ndh51Δ (CI core subunit mutant) and by 23.5% in goa1Δ (CI regulator mutant). Both mutants exhibited a greater reduction of cAMP and excessive trehalose production compared with other mutants. Despite the normal cAMP level, ergosterol content decreased by 33.0% in the CIII mutant qce1Δ as well, thereby displaying a cAMP/PKA-independent ergosterol response. While the two CI mutants have some unique cAMP/PKA-mediated ergosterol responses, we found that the degree of cAMP reduction correlates linearly with a decrease in total nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels in all mutants, particularly in the seven CI mutants. A mechanism study demonstrates that overactive PDE2 and cPDE activity must be the cause of the suppressive cAMP-mediated ergosterol response in the ndh51Δ and goa1Δ. While the purpose of this study is to understand the impact of ETC proteins on pathogenesis-associated cellular events, our results reveal the importance of Ndh51p in the regulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway through Pde2p inhibition in normal physiological environments. As a direct link between Ndh51p and Pde2p remains elusive, we suggest that Ndh51p participates in NAD homeostasis that might regulate Pde2p activity for the optimal cAMP pathway state.

MiR-940 promotes malignant progression of breast cancer by regulating FOXO3.

Breast cancer (BC) is a common cancer with poor survival. The present study aimed to explore the effect of miR-940 on the process of BC cells and its target gene FOXO3. The expression of miR-940 was assessed in BC tissues and cells using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, the correlation between miR-940 and prognosis of BC patients from the TCGA database was analyzed. CCK8 assays and colony formation assays were used to explore the effect of miR-940 on BC cell proliferation. The invasion abilities were detected by transwell assays. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to scrutinize the relationship between miR-940 and FOXO3. Finally, rescue experiments were performed through FOXO3 down-regulation and miR-940 inhibitors by using CCK8 assays, colony formation assays and transwell assays. miR-940 was significantly up-regulated in BC cells and tissues. In addition, the high level of miR-940 correlated with poor survival of BC patients (P=0.023). CCK8 assays, colony formation assays and transwell assays indicated that miR-940 promoted the proliferation and invasion abilities of BC cells. The luciferase reporter assay suggested that miR-940 directly targeted FOXO3. Moreover, we found that the effect of si-FOXO3 was rescued by miR-940 inhibitors in BC cells. miR-940 may promote the proliferation and invasion abilities of BC cells by targeting FOXO3. Our study suggested that miR-940 could be a novel molecular target for therapies against BC.

Biologically active isoquinoline alkaloids covering 2014-2018.

Isoquinoline alkaloids, an important class of N-based heterocyclic compounds, have attracted considerable attention from researchers worldwide since the early 19th century. Over the past 200 years, many compounds from this class were isolated, and most of them and their analogs possess various bioactivities. In this review, we survey the updated literature on bioactive alkaloids and highlight research achievements of this alkaloid class during the period of 2014-2018. We reviewed over 400 molecules with a broad range of bioactivities, including antitumor, antidiabetic and its complications, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and other activities. This review should provide new indications or directions for the discovery of new and better drugs from the original naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloids.

A novel protein encoded by circFNDC3B inhibits tumor progression and EMT through regulating Snail in colon cancer.

BACKGROUND: Colon cancer (CC) is a common malignant cancer. Recently, circFNDC3B was found to exert biological function in multiple cancers. However, it was unclear whether the potential protein encoded by circFNDC3B is involved in carcinogenesis of CC. METHODS: We used Sanger sequence and RNase R digestion assay to confirm the existence of circFNDC3B, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to evaluate the circRNA's expression. Then fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to study location of circFNDC3B. The identification of protein encoded by circFNDC3B was performed using LC-MS/MS. The function of circFNDC3B-218aa on proliferation, invasion and migration were assessed by CCK8 assays, colony formation assays, transwell assays, wound-healing assays and animal experiments. RNA-sequencing and western blot were used to identify the gene regulated by circFNDC3B-218aa. Finally, glucose metabolism-related assays were performed to further investigate function of circFNDC3B-218aa. RESULTS: CircFNDC3B was localized mostly in the cytoplasm, and was decreased in CC cell lines and tissues. The patients with low circFNDC3B expression had a shorter OS (P = 0.0014) than patients with high expression. Moreover, circFNDC3B inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of CC cells. Next, we identified that circFNDC3B could encode a novel protein circFNDC3B-218aa. Furthermore, circFNDC3B-218aa, not circFNDC3B, inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of CC. Additionally, the in vivo experiments implied that up-regulated circFNDC3B-218aa exhibited an inhibitory effect on CC progression. By RNA-sequencing, western blot and glucose metabolism-related assays, we found that circFNDC3B-218aa inhibited the expression of Snail, and subsequently promoted the tumor-suppressive effect of FBP1 in CC. CONCLUSIONS: The novel circFNDC3B-218aa may serve as a tumor suppressive factor and potential biomarker which may supply the potential therapeutic target for CC.

Development of a Novel Six-miRNA-Based Model to Predict Overall Survival Among Colon Adenocarcinoma Patients.

Introduction: Colon carcinoma is a common malignant tumor worldwide. Accurately predicting prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma (CA) patients may facilitate clinical individual decision-making. Many studies have reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) were associated with prognosis for patients with colon carcinoma. This study aimed to identify the prognosis-related miRNAs for predicting the overall survival (OS) of CA patients. Methods: Firstly, we analyzed the CA datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and looked for the prognosis-related miRNAs. Then, we developed a novel prediction model based on these miRNAs and the clinical characteristics. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and calibration plots were used to evaluate the discrimination and accuracy of the signature and model. Finally, cell function assays and bioinformatics analyses were performed to evaluate the role of these selected miRNAs in modulating biological process in CA. Results: Six prognosis-related miRNAs were included in the miRNA-based signature, and it could effectively distinguish low-risk patients and high-risk patients. Furthermore, we established a prognostic model incorporating the six-miRNA-based signature and clinical characteristics. Areas under curves (AUCs) indicated that the six-miRNA-based model has a better predictive ability than TNM stage (AUC: 0.805 vs. 0.694). The calibration plots suggested close agreement between model predictions and actual observations. GO analysis showed that the target genes of these miRNAs are mainly involved in enrichment in protein binding and regulation of transcript and cytosol. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were mainly enriched in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Finally, we found that the five miRNAs except miR-152 were upregulated in tumor tissues and CA cells. The functional experiments revealed that miR-1245a, miR-3682, miR-33b, and miR-5683 promoted the migratory abilities and proliferation of CA cell, whereas miR-152 showed opposite effects. However, miR-4444-2 did not influence the migratory ability and proliferation of CA cell. Conclusions: In conclusion, we developed a novel six-miRNA-based model to predict 5-year survival probabilities for CA patients. This model has the potential to facilitate individualized treatment decisions.

Discovery of luotonin A analogues as potent fungicides and insecticides: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation inspired by natural alkaloid.

The prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests is the most crucial issue facing crop protection. To discover novel pesticide candidates with diverse chemical structures from natural products, a series of luotonin A analogues were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antifungal and insecticidal activities. Most of these compounds exhibited potent activity against Botrytis cinerea, Magnaporthe oryzae and Aphis craccivora. Among them, the antifungal activity of compound 10s against B. cinerea was comparable to azoxystrobin (EC50 = 0.09 mM) and against M. oryzae (EC50 = 0.19 mM) was slightly weaker than that of azoxystrobin (EC50 = 0.17 mM). Compounds 10k and 10o are the most active compounds against A. craccivora having identical mortality value of 42.05% at 50 µg/mL, respectively, which were slightly lower than pymetrozine (51.14%) at the same concentration. Revealed morphological changes of the fungal cell surface by scanning electron microscopy indicated that luotonin A analogues might exert their antifungal activity by destroying fungal cell membrane and cell wall. Furthermore, the results of the in vivo protective and curative activities of the compound 10s against S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea showed that the curative effect was stronger than its protective effect and the curative effects reached 67.17% and 73.82% at 80 µg/mL respectively. The above results further demonstrated the potential of luotonin A analogues as novel fungicides and insecticides.